Set up the scene. Identify core areas that can be counted to the basal ganglia. Here you see the brain (and upper part of the spinal cord) from behind. Center the image and arrange with the appropriate magnification (Help). Check off 1, 2 !! The hemispheres are now gone, the cerebellum split and the two thalamus halves, filled with pale yellow nuclei, are separated from each other by the mid-aligned clear blue 3rd ventricle. Does the picture need to be explained: tick 3, click on the link here, read through, unfold the list, check out, try to understand, return and check off 3!! Check 4, unfold the list and locate and go through the nuclei that can be counted among the basal ganglia. Then proceed, in turn, in the same way with 5, 6, 7! The following steps (1 - 5) illustrate activities that take place in the hay. Brain. The same coupling pattern also applies to the left. Brain! The signal outflow from the basal ganglia of one hemisphere is mainly directed to recipients on the same side and to a limited extent, via the cerebral beam/corpus callosum, also to the opposite hemisphere. Traditional basal ganglia kernels are red. New additions are orange-red.

Step 1.

Hypothetical neutral. Check 1, expand the list, click on the link text and go into the database, read through, collapse the list but leave the checkmark on! Then continue in the same way with 2 - 6! The inflow of nerve signals to the basal ganglia (here the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus) comes mainly from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. In both cases, it is about driving/excitatory signals. Purely hypothetically, one can imagine a "Free position" where the basal ganglia are left to themselves. The result, against the background of the spontaneous activities of the involved units, would be that the excitation of the cerebrum cortex by the connected thalamus nuclei is attenuated. Green coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic. Red coupling = inhibitory/GABAerg.Blue coupling = dopaminergic.

Step 2.

Overall connection pattern: the cerebral cortex > the dorsal striatum > the thalamus > the cerebral cortex. Here's A." Hypothetical Neutral" already ticked. (Rehearsal ! ?) Tick, from top to bottom, the different signal connections under B, unfold the lists, check the facts in the database, fold the lists but leave the pre-tick standing! Note 1/ that the D1 and D2 neurons can receive signals from sites located virtually anywhere on the cerebral cortex and especially from the forehead and parietal lobes. 2/ that the signalling to STN comes primarily from the frontal lobe. Then continue in the same way through C - G.Green coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic. Red coupling = inhibitory/GABAerg.Blue coupling = dopaminergic. Red-on-yellow coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic (applies to tractus corticospinalis and tractus corticonuclearis)Areas on the cerebral cortex that can signal to the basal ganglia are colour-marked on both the outside and inside of the right hemisphere. Connections from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia are, with the exception of stage 5, only extended from the outside of the cerebral hemisphere. Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive feedback signals from the thalamus are colour-marked on both the outside and inside side of the right hemisphere. The feedbacks from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are only drawn to the inside of the cerebral hemisphere. The driving signal flow from the primary motor cortex is marked from both the outside and inside of the hay. cerebral hemisphere when the bottom box in steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 is ticked.

Step 3.

The sensori-motor feedback circuit (loop): the cerebral cortex > the dorsal striatum > the thalamus > the cerebral cortex. Stage 3 goes through the main connections of the sensorimotor loop through the basal ganglia." Hypothetical Neutral" (A) is already ticked. In order from top to bottom, tick B - G! Unfold the different lists, check the facts in the database, fold the lists together but leave the tick standing! Green coupling = driving /excitatory/glutamatergic. Red coupling = inhibitory/GABAerg.Blue coupling = dopaminergic. Red-on-yellow coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic (applies to tractus corticospinalis and tractus corticonuclearis)Areas on the cerebral cortex that can signal to the basal ganglia are colour-marked on both the outside and inside of the right hemisphere. Connections from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia are, with the exception of stage 5, only extended from the outside of the cerebral hemisphere. Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive feedback signals from the thalamus are colour-marked on both the outside and inside side of the right hemisphere. The feedbacks from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are only extended to the inside of the cerebral hemisphere. The signal flow from the primary motor cortex is marked from both the outside and inside of the hay. cerebral hemisphere when the bottom box in steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 is ticked.

Step 4.

The associative/cognitive feedback circuit (loop): the cerebral cortex > the dorsal striatum > the thalamus > the cerebral cortex. Stage 4 goes through the main connections in the associative/cognitive loop through the basal ganglia." Hypothetical Neutral" (A) is already ticked. In order from top to bottom, tick B - G! Unfold the different lists, check the facts in the database, fold the lists together but leave the tick standing! Green coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic. Red coupling = inhibitory/GABAerg.Blue coupling = dopaminergic. Red-on-yellow coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic (applies to tractus corticospinalis and tractus corticonuclearis)Areas on the cerebral cortex that can signal to the basal ganglia are colour-marked on both the outside and inside of the right hemisphere. Connections from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia are, with the exception of stage 5, only extended from the outside of the cerebral hemisphere. Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive feedback signals from the thalamus are colour-marked on both the outside and inside side of the right hemisphere. The feedbacks from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are only extended to the inside of the cerebral hemisphere. The signal flow from the primary motor cortex is marked from both the outside and inside of the hay. cerebral hemisphere when the bottom box in steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 is ticked.

Step 5.

The limbic/emotional feedback circuit (loop): the cerebral cortex > ventral striatum > the thalamus > the cerebral cortex. Stage 5 goes through the main connections in the limbic/emotional loop through the basal ganglia. Tick the ventral striatum. Check the database. Let stand. "Hypothetical Neutral" (A) is not ticked because two of the previous participants have been replaced! Check and go through A. Then tick, in order from top to bottom, B - H! Unfold the different lists, check the facts in the database, fold the lists together but leave the tick standing! Green coupling = driving /excitatory/glutamatergic. Red coupling = inhibitory/GABAerg.Blue coupling = dopaminergic. Red-on-yellow coupling = propulsive/excitatory/glutamatergic (applies to tractus corticospinalis and tractus corticonuclearis)Areas on the cerebral cortex that can signal to the basal ganglia are colour-marked on both the outside and inside of the right hemisphere. Connections from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia are, here in stage 5, extracted only from the inside of the cerebral hemisphere. Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive feedback signals from the thalamus are colour-marked on both the outside and inside side of the right hemisphere. The feedbacks from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex are only extended to the inside of the cerebral hemisphere. The signal flow from the primary motor cortex is marked from both the outside and inside of the hay. cerebral hemisphere when the bottom box in steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 is ticked.

BASALA GANGLIA.